What Is Friendship in China - 790 Words

What is friendship Chinese is friendly. They like to make friends with each other. It has developed a culture that making friendship with friend. How to make friends is a big knowledge that need to learn. An old say courtesy calls for reciprocity demonstrate the basic etiquette in associating with each other. A faithful friend is hard to meet ,once owning should value carefully. The following three definitions will tell what is friendship. A friend in need is a friend indeed.Friendship is a feeling of comfort and emotional safety with a person.Friend like stars. they don’t always see them, but they know they are always there. Next evidence will show what for friendship is importance in daily life. A friend in need is a friend†¦show more content†¦Never betray friends, even have thousands benefits. Never backbite friends, even they have thousands shortcoming. Friendship is easily broken after a thoughtless joke. Loyalty is a principle that to be obey. In history who be tray friend, always get retribution in the end. For example, in period of Three Kingdom, before battle of ChiBi two generals of Wu Kingdom ZhangSong and JiangGan betrayed King of SunQuan, surrender themselves to CaoCao, however, CaoCao didn t trust them because they are betrayer, obviously, they finally was executed.Share and share alike it means that friends should share what they own, especially ,a person after achieve high reputation and rich wealth should be grateful to friends who used to give that person a favor. Father is a treasure, brother is comfort, friends is both. Anyway Friendship is eternal. An old say Good friend like stars. You don’t always see them, but you know they are always there.Friendship is a spirit. It s the highest ideal of friendship that people chase. Even don t need any word and action. Just fill each other in their heart, contact each other by soul. A wonderful legend about the Cowherd and the Weaving Maid in China was widely passed. A couple wh o, once a happy couple, become stars separated by the Milky Way. They can meet only once in a year when magpies fly together to form a bridge over the Milky Way. Later generation choose a day named double-seventh day, regardedShow MoreRelatedHomosexuality in China1749 Words   |  7 PagesFreedom or Conservative ï ¼Å¸ ----Homosexual in China China was considered as a conservative society where do not get really open to sexual discussion. Even now, dating in high-school is considered too early and does not appropriate in China, which would cause problems in school if being found by teachers or parents. Meanwhile, Chinese attitude towards homosexual is more open than the West society. 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Marketing Plan Mkt 421 U of P Free Essays

string(90) " Market research for the Safety Step consists of consumer analysis and industry analysis\." Team C Product – Safety Step University of Phoenix MKT/421 Robin Reis March 29, 2010 Organizational overview Ames is a leader in North America and is known for its quality non-powered garden and lawn products. Ames was founded in 1774 by Captain John Ames. During most of the company’s past 230 years of service the company produced only shovels and controlled 60% of the U. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Plan Mkt 421 U of P or any similar topic only for you Order Now S. market share (n. d. ). Over the past three decades Ames has purchased several companies to widen its market share to include quality non-powered lawn and garden products. In 1991 Ames acquired the Garant Company a Canadian company and in 1997 purchased Woodings-Verona and IXL. Over the next decade the shovel giant continued to purchase various companies in the garden and lawn business. The shovel giant is again looking for ways to expand its product line; Ames will introduce a new daughter company called Safety Step. Ames is a leader in quality products and customer satisfaction, Safety Step will keep the same quality and workmanship and focus on the customer. The Mission Statement is to develop and deliver the most reliable non-powered lawn and garden products including tools and decorative accessories that provide quality to our customers, maximize sustainable profitability, and drive shareholder value. We believe that our global manufacturing strategy, based primarily upon a blend of domestic manufacturing and sourced product, makes us cost-competitive while allowing us to provide a high level of customer service (â€Å"Ames true temper,†). Safety Steps is in the heart of the snow and ice to ensure quality product development is continued. The main headquarters is in Mount Washington New Hampshire. The average snowfall in Mount Washington is 260. 6 inches (NCDC, 2010), with an annual low mean temperature of 19 degrees. Mount Washington is noted for its extreme weather conditions, one of the world’s highest wind velocities (231 miles [372 kilometer] per hour) has been recorded there in 1934 (Britannica, 2010). The production plant is in Marquette, Michigan. The city has an annual snowfall of 141 inches (NCDC, 2010) and an annual mean temperature of 8. 7 (Current Results, 2010). Safety Step is introducing a heated floor mat to allow both homeowners and commercial businesses a safe, snow and ice-free walkway into and out of their homes and businesses. The mat will have multiple attachments and color options to fit the demand of the customer. New Product Description The following paragraphs below take in consideration a new product that our parent company will amplify a tangible product for a household consumer and commercial customer. The difference between the consumer products market and the business product market is derived demand – the demand for business products derives from the demand for final consumer products (Kerin, Berkowitz, Hartley, Rudelius, 2006). This product provides safety steps while walking through and on increment weather, snow, ice, or wet surfaces. The technology and design of the durable nonslip diamond-top surface has ? in diameter holes for excellent drainage and safe passage as pedestrians walk on surface. A mat that covers a walkway or porch that prevents snow and ice from forming called Safety Step. The mat can be purchased in different lengths and widths and has additional attachments for steps. The mat is plugged into an outlet that keeps the snow and ice from forming on it. The mat uses low wattage technology minimizing the amount of electricity used during operation. The product contains a circuit that will turn itself off in case of any power interruption or surge. It has a non-skid, non-slip proof surface that even when wet will prevent a person from slipping on it. The mat dimensions are two feet wide by five feet long. ? SWOT Analysis The external and internal factors of a business forces their company and management to come up with solutions to potential threats. A SWOT analysis aids to guide business strategies and identifies threats and opportunities an acknowledging the external and internal factors into the business plan will allows a company to achieve goals, and keeping a vision and mission of that company from failure. SWOT Analysis StrengthsWeaknessesOpportunitiesThreats Highest quality of products Safety step can be looked upon as seasonal item Uses a new type of technologies’ Competitors can alter Safety Step Provides safety steps for pedestrians as they move on surfaceCostly to hold inventory in warehousesCustomer service personal commitmentIncreases production; therefore, increases in production causing prices to increase Versatile can be used in landscapingCan be ordered 24hours online Strengths The uniqueness in the marketplace comes from the vision, mission, and values of Ames. We are well known worldwide and earn the trust of many customers and deliver the highest quality of products and services to our customers. Pedestrians walk with confidence and safety. Unique colors and costume features attract versatility. ? Weakness The Safety Step may be looked upon as only a seasonal item. Incremental weather only; therefore, overlooking the fact that the Safety Step technology design provides efficiency, safe comfort, and in all kinds of weather. Opportunities The unique colors and custom attachments provide a wide range of surfaces uses. The technologies that Safety Steps requires extra workers; therefore, providing new jobs. Ordering on telephone has direct access to talk with customer representatives, earning and keeping the trust of personal commitment. Promotes less injuries and lost time at work, or decorative yard landscaping feature. Threats Competitors can alter the Safety Step to make something similar whereas Ames would have to do fast adjustments; therefore, causing an increases in production or cost making the Safety Step less appealing because it becomes too expensive to own. Trends Recently on the news everyone has heard about how crazy the weather has been. The State of Washington covered in snow for weeks; the state of Texas covered four days of nine and 10 inches of snow. The world’s ever-changing environment it is a perfect time to launch a great product like the Safety Step. Marketing Research Market research for the Safety Step consists of consumer analysis and industry analysis. Consumer analysis will consist of secondary data gathered from the 2000 US Census Bureau that lists the potential households in cold weather states that may purchase the Safety Step. Primary analysis will consist of surveys of shoppers at a few targeted stores in the regions in which the Safety Step is planned to be sold. Demographics Demographics for the Safety Step are areas of the United States that experience cold weather below 35 degrees F. The Safety Step can be marketed to both consumers and businesses. Consumers would purchase the Safety Step to ensure a clear snow free/ice free walkway during the wintertime. Using the US Census Bureau results from 2000 there are 31 states in which the Safety Step may be marketed. Appendix A shows the states and the total households per state. The Census results show a US market potential of 60 million households in 31 cold weather states. Psychographics The consumer psychographics are homeowners in cold climates that have walkways prone to ice buildup. Homeowners with ice buildup fear someone slipping on the ice and causing an injury. Homeowners can be liable of injuries sustained on their property because of negligence. Safety Step will prevent any ice from forming on walkways removing the fear for the homeowners. Behaviors (e. g. purchase behaviors) Safety Step will be marketed to homeowners stating the benefit that the product provides to the consumer by eliminating ice buildup. The convenience of placing Safety Step on the walkway at the beginning of cold weather and plugging it in will be communicated to the consumers to promote the product. Geographical considerations Safety Step will be marketed in the colder states because of its snow/ice melting features for the consumer market. The business market will also be targeted in the colder states. Industrial Analysis Competitor Analysis Safety Step competition for the consumer market comes in many forms. The snow shovel is one source of competition in which the homeowner believes that if they just shovel well enough there will be no need for the product. Another competitor is the chemical product that the homeowner throws on top of the ice and as the chemical starts to work the ice is melted. The shovel and chemicals both need to be used after the snow or ice has built up whereas the Safety Step prevents snow and ice from forming on the walkway eliminating the potential of someone slipping. Segmentation Market segmentation for this product is important to justify the necessary marketplace needs. This product may be useful for some clients, and yet others may not find a need. This segmentation process is important to understand the needs of the client. A client who lives in Mexico is most likely not going to need a mat that warms up. This is understandable that this is not the target demographic . Criteria The geographic segmentation involves extensive research into the needs of the clients within the different areas. Demographic segmentation is based on the age, income level, purchasing power, gender, family size, nationality, religion, education (Mathe, 2010). The demographic segmentation focuses more on the larger purchases that a family may make such as a home or vehicle. Target Markets The sale of this product is more likely to be based on geography. Certain states with different climates will be more inclined to purchase a product that they can use in the winter. The Safety Step will be marketed to the all states that have a temperature that drops below 40 degrees in a normal year. These states will be the primary sales areas, but the product will also be available through website and catalog throughout the world. This product is important for those who have had issues with bad weather and are having issues with safety outside. Differentiation and Positioning The competing consumer products are shovels and chemical products that melt snow and ice after it has formed. Safety Step will be marketed with the approach that the mat melts snow and ice before it can build up on the customer’s step. The plan is to draw attention to the fact Safety Step is a safer product because it does not allow the snow and ice to build up on the step whereas the competitor’s product does. This will give Safety Step the unique position of promoting the product as safer than the competitor’s promotes. Another marketing strategy that will be used is the Safety Step’s ease of use. The plan is to market Safety Step to the consumers with the information that the all the consumer needs to do is lay the mat down on the step and plug it in before the weather turns cold. The approximate cost to operate is $0. 02 per hour. This is an estimate based on the cost per kilowatt-hour is $0. 15. Cost per kilowatt-hour may vary by state or region. The marketing approach will continue by stating Safety Step will provide a snow/ice from form on the walkway even during a heavy snowstorm unlike shovels or chemical products that require the consumer to go outside and shovel or apply the chemical to the step. The position defined with ease of use approach will be put the Safety Step on the consumer’s steps at the beginning of the cold weather plug it in and the consumer does not need to bother with the product until spring comes. This will differentiate the product from shovels and chemicals that have to be used frequently during winter months. Product Life Cycle Product life cycle needs to be understood and managed for a product to be successful. The market introduction phase for Safety Step may be a longer process than other products handled by Ames Company because there is no other product currently on the market similar to the Safety Step. The marketing approach during the introduction phase will be to demonstrate the product at local Home and Garden shows held in major cold weather cities throughout the United States. Additionally, direct mailings will be sent to households in major cold weather cities informing the consumer of the product. These approaches should provide the interest needed for the product to move into the market growth phase of the product life cycle. The market growth phase of Safety Step should last one winter season and possibly even two winter seasons before competitors develop a similar product. During the market growth phase advertising will continue with the direct personal approach for sales. The plan is to have one-on-one meetings and demonstrations of the product in the customer’s home. It is expected that the demonstrations will increase word of mouth publicity that will increase sales. Once the consumer interest has been established and the competition has similar products Safety Step will enter the market maturity phase of the life cycle. During this phase the marketing approach will be to offer discounts for consumers who buy more than one Safety Step. The advertising for Safety Step during the maturity phase will point out Safety Step’s durability and quality attributes as well as pointing out any other attribute that Safety Step has that the competition does not. The maturity phase of the life cycle should last a minimum of two to three years before another better product is introduced and sales start to decline. The sales decline life cycle may be short in duration as the new products take sales away from Safety Step. The approach during the sales decline phase will be to advertise the Ames company brand along with the products quality and durability features. The product price may also have to be reduced to keep consumers interest. The price will only be lowered to such that the company is still making a small profit but not much. The production of Safety Step will be stopped once the competition has driven the price below the cost to produce the product. Planning a marketing strategy for all four phases of the product life cycle will help to make Safety Step a successful product. Marketing mix In order for an organization to be successful, balance marketing fosters the termination of a new product or service. When examining the marketing mix for a product launch or new service eliminating the threat factor can happen if managed correctly. Understanding the tools are necessary, as marketers call the four Ps, will put the right product or the right type of service at the right point of sale price. Product and Service A new product or service first step is to consider where to begin, create and develop the process launch unto the public. An organization considers itself first when asking does it meet the needs in the perspective for the customer, how assessable can the organization provide and distribute its product or service; moreover, will the customer consider that the new product is a fair price and easy to remember the brand because the marketing communications developed. Type of Product Introducing Safety Step when weather grows tough and budgets are tighter, customers can rely on Ames to offer a quality new product at an extraordinary price. Safety Step is a heated floor mat offered to both homeowners and commercial businesses. This product provides safety steps while walking through and on incremental weather, snow, ice, or wet surfaces. The heated mat electrical waves built within provide enough heat to penetrate through snow and ice. The melted and wet surface drains from the sides of covered area. The technology and design of the durable nonslip diamond-top surface has ? in diameter holes for excellent drainage and traction. Features †¢Vinyl top is tough enough to take abuse from works shoes and wheelchairs. †¢Safe comfort provides workers with a cushioned area to stand or work that decreases strain on feet and legs. †¢Resist oil, greases, and liquid †¢ Runners (sides of the mat) are beveled around the entire mat to prevent tripping hazards †¢Snow /ice melting features for consumers/ business markets †¢Versatile can also be unitizes landscaping Identification/ Brand Ames Corporation is a quality merchandiser that customers can trust with reliable service. Ames distinguishes products from the competition with unique colors, and custom features that extends mats through easy attachments. Production and Delivery Service Products can be ordered online through secure shopping 24 hours a day. If a customer is registered through Ames website, Ames will offer discounts of 10%. Orders on a telephone have direct access to talk with a customer service representative. Orders in and service by mail fax, online or phone features to keep any customer happy. Ames has several large warehouses with large stock quantities. Shipping in some cases will be free, and for large orders because of super size surfaces coverage, Ames provides installing services as customer courtesy. Pricing The Safety Step mat has little to no competition in the market in comparison to other products as potato chips. The research has shown that less than 10 competitor mats are available for purchase now. The competitor’s mats range from $99. 95 to $127. 98. These mats are primarily online with little to no advertisement. The Safety Step will be priced accordingly to ensure sales are possible for the company and the employees. Although there is not a single way to price a product there are many ways to test the market and find an appropriate price for an item. The pricing strategy for this product begins with performing a market analysis, segmentation, targeting, and positioning. Understanding that this mat is most useful in an environment that is more likely to have ice or snow is necessary when analyzing the market. The product sales will need to be focused on the beginning of the winter season. The spring and summer months are less likely to have a large amount of sales. The demand will increase in the beginning of the winter cycle; the price of the item should coincide to help sell the item. The cost of production will also have an effect on the product. The company will attempt to maximize the current profit, while taking into account revenue and costs. Maximizing the quantity of product is justified to have preparation of customers. The status quo is keeping the product stable avoiding price wars among other companies. The company will choose to focus on a cost plus pricing method to achieve the production costs as well as a small profit to achieve a toehold in the market. Once the product has been placed for sale the market will show the company what if any reduction of price should take place. If the product sells quickly than the company may need to reevaluate their pricing strategy for the future. Safety Step will be price competitively at $99. 00. Production costs for each mat is roughly $38 dollars, distribution costs is a percentage of each sale and base pay for the sales team. This comes to about $15 dollars per mat sold. If the staff sells 100 mats to a retailer, they will net $1500 dollars. Marketing of the product is $3 dollars per mat. The retail price of the mat should be $99 dollars; this price is based on the $56 dollars in costs and overhead with $10 dollars going to the retail establishment for sales. This leaves a profit of $33 dollars per mat. This profit will go toward revelation of the product and the continued manufacturing of the product. Based on 100 mat sales the company would make $3300 dollars in profit. This mat must have 1000 sales in order for the company to have a good profit base. Once the market has been tested with this price the sales will show if the product price is too high or too low. Placement The company will have Safety Step manufactured at the existing facility in Camp Hill Virginia. This manufacturer will complete an established amount of mats within the necessary time frame. Production costs are based on the different sizes, and components of the mats. The company may decide to focus on three sizes than they must have three separate prices and production costs for the mats. The company will focus on one mat that is 24 x 5; this particular mat has 120 volts and 263 watts. This mat is one color and one size to make the production costs less than they would be in the future. Promotion Promoting a product is not only about developing the correct product at the correct time, but also the communication involved with all parties. A company would not want to promote a product that was used for ice and snow in a climate that never receives snow or ice; the likely hood of the product selling is not very high. Promotion is the fourth â€Å"P† in the marketing mix designed to teach the end consumer about the product, what the product does and how the product can help the user. What benefits the consumer will receive from the product and will the price of the product fit into the budget. Promotion is also used to persuade a customer that the product is the correct one for him or her. The promotional mix is a combination of personal selling, advertising, sales promotion, public relations, and websites. The first thing a company needs to ask its self is what strategy they believe will work best for the company, will they use the â€Å"PUSH† or the â€Å"PULL† method. Safety Step believes the â€Å"PULL† method would work best for the new heated mat. The PULL STRATEGY requires direct interface with the end user of the offering. Use of channels of distribution is minimized during the first stages of promotion and a major commitment to advertising is required. The objective is to â€Å"pull† the prospects into the various channel outlets creating a demand the channels cannot ignore (Center for Business Planning, 2010, para 12). The product cannot be promoted effectively in warmer areas causing the company to work with specific areas and to build a strong bond with customers to help ensure safety. Safety Step will focus on the benefits of product advertising. This is especially beneficial when you have introduced a new approach to solving a user need and comparison to the old approaches is inappropriate (Center for Business Planning, 2010). † Initial Sales Promotion Safety Step will focus sales of the heated floor mat through the company website www. safetysteps. com. Sales from the website are virtually free of charge to the company with only a small set up fee and the process of fulfilling the orders. Personal selling to households and businesses in major cold weather cities will be the main focus in the initial selling process. Safety Step wants to have a personal relationship with its customers; with one-on-one meetings and demonstrating the product in a home or business setting to allow the customer to feel comfortable to ask questions and see the product in person with no pressure. Safety Step believes that with this approach the product can sell its self and the customer will learn Safety Step is about not only safety but also the customer. Safety Step will advertise through direct mail via an 8 ? x 11 glossy sheet showing areas used without a mat and also used with a mat. Ames the parent company has a large database of addresses, phone numbers and e-mail address for both businesses and homeowners available to Safety Step. The flyer will also picture other options currently available for snow and ice removal including salt pellets, sand and rocks, Sodium chloride (NaCL), which may contain cyanide. Calcium chloride (CaCl) is slightly better because less goes farther, but it is still not ideal, considering its run-off still increases algae growth, which clogs waterways. Potassium chloride is another salt to avoid. Customers will learn the advantages of Safety Step and how it will not only help the customer but also landscape plants, especially those particularly salt-sensitive, like tulip poplars, maples, balsam firs, white pines, hemlock, Norway spruce, dogwood, redbud, rose bushes, and spirea bushes (The Daily Green, 2010). Landscaping can be an expensive cost to customers and the Safety Step can eliminate the need for chemicals that can cause damage and even death to landscape plants. Safety Step will have promotions for customers who wish to purchase more than one mat and with the purchase of the accessory all in one transaction. Contests also can be used to find the most creative ways a mat has been applied around a business or home. This will not only benefit the customer but also the business with a flow of new ideas and ways to better help the end user. Budget Safety Step has allotted a budget of 11. 7 million dollars for the first year of operations. Areas covered include personnel, marketing research, marketing communication, channels, customer acquisition, retention, and other. Safety Step has looked at each area and broken each section into sub-sections see appendix B attached. Safety Steps has allotted the largest portion to the personnel section. The personnel section has sub-sections of salaries/wages, benefits, payroll taxes, commissions, and bonuses. Salaries and wages tops out the chart at 7. 2 million in burden with taxes coming in second at two million. Safety Step believes the allotted amounts should cover the personnel section with a contingency included. Marketing and Research have a budget of 260 thousand dollars. This amount covers both the primary and secondary research for the Safety Step mat. Secondary research has been allotted approximately five thousand per month to cover quality problems should they exist. Safety Step and the Ames Company are known for their quality products and service and keeping a fund for problems is essential. Marketing Communications falls second in regard to cost of budget. A budget of 1. 1 million has been set. The areas with the larger amounts being spent are branding at 240 thousand, advertising at 435 thousand, and public relations at 140 thousand. Advertising the Safety Step in a positive and customer-focused atmosphere is critical for the continuance of the product. Channels have a budget of 96 thousand. Channels include communications and training, promotions and incentives, and commissions/bonuses. Commissions and bonuses are awarded in December of each year allowing a budget only in December. Training and communication is included to ensure the quality of the sales team at Safety Step. Incentives are also included each month to promote the sales team. The sales team, production, and office staff will need focus and drive and offering incentives will help with morale and positive workflow. Safety Step has a section for other to include postage, attorney fees, telephone, travel, computers, and office equipment. Postage will be a large expenditure with mass mailings to costumers to educate them in Safety Step. Travel is the largest expenditure in the other sections; because of the need for salespeople in strategic areas (cold weather cities) to promote Safety Step. Computers and equipment is the second largest expenditure for the other section, Safety step believes in year two this amount should drop dramatically. Computers and office equipment are needed to offer both the customer and employees piece of mind. The computers can offer piece of mind by fast reliable service for ordering, processing claims, and tracking inventory. Attorney fees are in the section to have an on hand attorney office for any needs that may arise. Monitoring and Evaluating Effectiveness A successful development process for Safety Step starts with Ames 5D Principles; in addition, will apply a perceptual map for identify opportunities by highlighting unsatisfied needs of the customer to gain an edge because Safety Step goal must differentiate. DISCOVERDEVISEDESIGNDEVELOPDEPLOY Good Data Organizations values and Philosophy Perceptual Map SWOT Analysis Message Strategy Brand name, label, and packaging Production staff functionality controls changes and defects Execute with confidence Production method and delivery of service Target Customers and customers feedback Measurable Data Developed copy writer and creative art ads Testing phase implementing mat to diverse weather conditionsPlan activities around promotions Purchase Behavior Marketing Strategies Competitor AnalysisPromote safety step phrase in visual and verbal expressionsResearch and testing staying ahead of the competition Evaluate preparations for the next four years plan Review and research Geographical ConsiderationsPlanning process through project managers Challenging target market , but avoiding costly errorsTracking movement of sales and awareness of recommendations Perceptual map gives a visual representation to the marketing team of customers’ perception of Safety Step aids in the positioning strategy. The insight gained from the perceptual map can be formulated through the four parameters’; therefore, implementing a guide of a before and after execution. Ames understands that increase of profit and sales drives the success in marketing execution, but a good marketing team also understands it is not the best indicators. During the course of an execute launch of a new product sales sometimes remain flat. Ames will identify all performance indictors with comprehensive reports so that through execution of the 5Ds principles, perceptual map, and knowing the parameters for development will be modified the next four years. The success of Safety Step growth stage in an oligopoly market can keep the competitions in uncertainly. Ethics and Social Responsibility The marketing efforts will be monitored to ensure that Safety Step will be promoted accurately to the consumer. The advertisement for Safety Step will only contain information that is true and accurate for the product. Packaging of the product will not have any misleading claims but rather describe the product accurately. Salespeople will also receive training to communicate accurately the product without pressuring customers while they are demonstrating the product during the door to door campaign. The company’s goal is to promote the product accurately by having knowledgeable salespeople that provides product information not pressure. Conclusion Developing a marketing plan with Perceptual Maps, SWOTT analysis, identifying environmental factors affect marking decisions. These business decisions move the product life cycle and identifies the appropriate price strategy along with public relations opportunities for Safety Step. Therefore, allowing Team C to answer all questions, without this structure information could not be obtained in an orderly prompt manner. ? References: (n. d. ). Ames true temper: past present and future. Retrieved from http://www. ames. com/aboutus. html (n. d. ). Ames Shovel Works. Retrieved March 14, 2010, from http://www. responsiblegrowthforeaston. com/shovel_shop/ShovelWorksHistory. pdf Center for Business Planning (2010). Marketing Plan. Retrieved March 21, 2010, from http://www. businessplans. org/Market. html Current Results (2010). Coldest Places in United States. Retrieved March 15, 2010, from http://www. currentresults. com/Weather-Extremes/US/coldest. php Kerin, Berkowitz, Hartley, and Rudelius Chapter 9, McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2004 New York, NY Mathe, AR (2010). Market Segmentation Targeting Positioning. Retrieved March 15, 2010 from website http://www. scribd. com/doc/24765486/Market-Segmentation-Targeting-Positioning-by-amarnath. NCDC (2010). Snowfall – Average Total In Inches. Retrieved March 15, 2010, from Pearce, Jack and Richard Robin, ( 2004). Chapter 1, Overview of Strategic Management. Retrieved March 5, 2010 from University of Phoenix, rEsource, Bus475 course Website. The Daily Green (2010). 9 Eco-friendly Ways to De-Ice Your Driveway. Retrieved March 21,2010, from http://www. thedailygreen. com/living-green/blogs/green-products-services/driveway-ice-environment-55013001 U. S. Census Bureau, (2000). United states — states; and puerto rico . Retrieved from http://factfinder. census. gov/servlet/GCTTable? _bm=y-geo_id=01000US-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U-_lang=en-redoLog=false-format=US-9|US-9S-mt_name=DEC_2000_SF1_U_GCTH5_US9-CONTEXT=gct (n. d). Washington, Mount. Retrieved from Britannica Online database. ? Appendix A: 2000 US Census Bureau Total Housing Units Geographic areaTotal housing units United States115,904,641 Alaska260,978 Colorado1,808,037 Connecticut1,385,975 Delaware343,072 District of Columbia274,845 Idaho527,824 Illinois4,885,615 Indiana2,532,319 Iowa1,232,511 Maine651,901 Maryland2,145,283 Massachusetts2,621,989 Michigan4,234,279 Minnesota2,065,946 Montana412,633 Nebraska722,668 New Hampshire547,024 New Jersey3,310,275 New York7,679,307 North Carolina3,523,944 North Dakota289,677 Ohio4,783,051 Oregon1,452,709 Pennsylvania5,249,750 Rhode Island439,837 South Dakota323,208 Utah768,594 Vermont294,382 Washington2,451,075 Wisconsin2,321,144 Wyoming223,854 Total59,763,706 (U. S. Census Bureau, 2000) ? Appendix B: Budget (amounts in thousands) Marketing Budget Plan Safety Step JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecTotal Personnel Salaries, wages800 400 400 400 800 800 800 400 800 800 800 $ 7,200 Benefits 100 100 100 100 100 $ 500 Payroll taxes 500 350 400 150 200 200 200 $ 2,000 Commissions and bonuses 100 $ 100 Total$800$400$1,000$400$1,250$800$1,300$0$550$1,100$1,000$1,200 $ 9,800 Market Research Primary research 100 100 $ 200 Secondary research10 10 10 10 10 10 $ 60 Library management $ – Total$10$0$10$100$10$0$10$0$10$0$110$0 $ 260 Marketing Communications Branding60 60 60 60 $ 240 Advertising50 100 50 25 100 100 10 $ 435 Web sites2 2 2 2 2 10 10 10 2 10 10 10 $ 72 Direct marketing20 10 10 10 10 10 10 $ 80 Internet marketing10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 $ 80 Collateral $ – Press relations5 5 5 5 5 5 5 $ 35 Public relations20 20 20 20 20 20 20 $ 140 Analyst relations $ – Events5 5 5 5 5 5 5 $ 35 Total$172$2$12$2$62$160$110$85$62$160$160$130 $ 1,117 Channels Channel communications and training10 10 10 10 10 10 $ 60 Channel promotions and incentives2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 $ 16 Channel commissions/bonuses 20 $ 20 Total$12$12$12$10$10$12$2$2$0$0$2$22 $ 96 Customer Acquisition Retention (CAR) Lead generation 10 10 10 10 10 $ 50 Customer loyalty2 5 5 2 5 4 3 $ 26 Total$2$0$0$10$10$5$5$12$0$15$4$13 $ 76 Other Postage8 10 10 10 10 $ 48 Attorney fees5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 $ 60 Telephone2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 $ 24 Travel12 8 8 8 8 12 12 12 8 18 18 18 $ 142 Computers and office equipment10 5 5 5 10 10 10 10 5 10 10 10 $ 100 Total$37$20$20$20$25$39$39$29$20$45$45$35 $ 374 Total Marketing Budget$1,033$434$1,054$542$1,367$1,016$1,466$128$642$1,320$1,321$1,400 $ 11,723 How to cite Marketing Plan Mkt 421 U of P, Essays

Syllabus spring free essay sample

I promise you an excellent adventure. It has often been said that living things, including humans, cannot be well- understood without looking at the evolutionary forces that have shaped them. Biological science and medicine are becoming increasingly more evolutionary as our exponentially-growing knowledge base at all levels from DNA to the process of biological inheritance; from the biology and genetics of populations and species to the evolutionary processes that shape them; from cells to multicultural beings, and from individuals to the planetary biosphere reveals more and more clearly how living systems work. Inning lecture presentations, laboratory exercises, field experiences, and on- line interactive assignments, BIO 1 1 30 will acquaint you with the evolutionary processes that result(deed) in Earths enormous diversity of living organisms, and the complex behavioral and ecological interactions that occur within and among species. Our mission is not merely to build an information base that will serve you well in higher-level biology classes; we intend to cultivate an evolutionary way of thinking about and understanding living things. About your instructor: teach full-time at Prince Georges Community College, and have had long art-time faculty affiliations with the Catholic University of America (1988-2000) and the University of Maryland (1 990, 1995, and 2001 -present), teaching this and other courses. My main teaching focus is ecology and animal behavior, not only in classroom settings but also in field-oriented travel-study courses in such locations as Florida, the Rocky Mountains and Africa. Will work as hard for you, and will work you as hard, as at the universities that have relied on me to train their students.Contact information: My office: Chesapeake Hall, room 210-B My email: [emailprotected] Deed MY office phone / vocalism: 301. 341. 3022 Biology Department office phone: 301. 322. 0420 Office hours for Spring 2013: Mondays Wednesdays: 12:30- 1 130 Tuesdays Thursdays: 11:30- l:o No appointments are necessary during the above times. Other meeting times may be available with an advance appointment. About the coo rise: BIO 1 130 is a 4-credit class consisting of three hours Of lecture per week and three hours of laboratory per week.This course is equivalent to BASIC 106 at the University of Maryland College Park, and is accepted by the University in transfer with a grade of C or better. Lecture is on Mondays and Wednesdays from 11:00 to 1 5 in Chesapeake Hall, room 101. The lab for section LIDO meets on Mondays from 8:00 to 10:50 in Chesapeake Hall, room 207; the lab for section OLDS meet on Mondays from 8:00 to 1 0:50 in Chesapeake Hall, room 207. Attendance will be taken in lecture. Being present and on time constitutes one measure of your academic seriousness, and can impact your final grade. See page 6 of this syllabus (How possibly to gain or lose points).Laboratory attendance is mandatory. If you miss a lab for a legitimate reason (such as illness, religious observance, family emergency, etc. ) you must obtain the instructors permission in advance so you can get specific instructions guarding when and how to make up the missed activity, if it is possible to do so at all. Failure to notify the lab instructor in advance may deny you the opportunity to make up the lab activity. This will likely impair your ability to prepare for the following weeks lab quiz. Missing three or more labs will result in an automatic F for the course.Lectures and labs always contain material for which you are responsible. At the end of the semester, you will be given one overall grade based on your performance in both. Specific details regarding how your grade is calculated are given on pages 3-6 of this syllabus. A note inspired by the U. S. Department of Deed auction: For Federal purposes (including general standardization and the ever- important issue of qualifying for federal funding) a college credit hour is defined as a situation where one hour of credit instruction requires the average student to do two hours of work outside of class.Please know that success in this course will require no less. Required textbooks: Biological Science (fourth edition, 2011) by Scott Freeman ISBN: 978-0-32-1 59820-2 Biology 1 1 30: A Lab Book by Peter Banyan (2010-2011 edition) You will need the current edition of the textbook. Older editions are not properly keyed to the online Mastering Biology activities (see below) that comprise 100 points of your course grade. You are required to have a new (! ) lab book. This is not negotiable. Your grade: Your overall grade for BIO 1130 will be based on a total of 900 points.As detailed on the next few pages, 450 of these points come from lecture exams, 300 points come from lab, and 150 points come from the online Mastering Biology homework assignments. The number of points needed for a particular grade is as follows: A = 810 or above 720 80%) to 809 c = 630 70%) to 719 D = 60%) to 629 F = below 540 below 60%). Final grades are not curved, though the borderlines may be adjusted by the instructor. Such adjustments, if made, will work in favor of (never against) a student.Where your grade comes from: Lecture exams 450 points Four lecture exams will be given, including the final exam: Exam #1 (Wednesday February 27) = 100 points Exam #2 (Monday April 8) = 100 points Exam #3 (Monday May 6) 100 points Final exam (Wednesday May 8) = 150 points These lecture exams are given in the classroom. The first three lecture exams will specifically cover information presented as lecture (not lab) material. The final exam is cumulative, and includes laboratory material. Lecture exams are comprised largely of objective essay-type questions both short ones and long ones.The object is for you to explain things in your own words, at the level of detail and sophistication that holds sway in lecture. To maximize your chances of successful mastery of exam material, make sure you have a complete set of lecture notes. Any and all broad concepts and specific facts presented in lecture, including material not covered by the textbook, may appear on an exam. TO ensure that your class notes are impressive, you should consider comparing and pooling your notes with those of other students. Also consider forming a study group where you and your classmates can meet regularly and review the course material. You are welcome to record class sessions. Regarding the textbook and the exams Use the textbook in two different ways: Read all assigned readings (see the listings beginning on page 9 of this syllabus) in advance Of the lecture they relate to. This will provide you with important background and context including necessary technical vocabulary for each lecture. Be aware that each classroom presentation will assume hat you have already covered these readings.As you prepare for each lecture exam, use the assigned readings in a narrower way: to reinforce and complement the material presented in lecture. Unless have notified you otherwise, in cases where the textbook covers extra material compared to lecture, you will not be held responsible on the exams for the extra details. Where your grade comes from, continued: 2: Laboratory 300 points A. Lab quizzes (200 points): There will be weekly lab quizzes, given at the beginning of each lab period. Each quiz is worth 20 points.Each weeks lab quiz will cover two different hints: information and/or assignments from the previous weeks lab, including the assigned textbook readings pertaining to that lab (see the lab schedule on the last page of this syllabus) information given in the introduction section of the current weeks lab. (Note: Every week you should refer to the lab schedule on pages 1 2-13 of this syllabus; the labs from week to week are not given in the order they are contained in the lab book. ) The first lab quiz, which covers Lab One, is given in lab the following week. There will be no quiz on Lab Eleven (the do-it-yourself field trip to theSmithsonian); rather, you will hand in the completed exercise from the lab book. This will count as a 30-point assignment per item D below (due the Monday following Spring Break April 1). There will be no fewer than ten 20-point lab quizzes. There may be eleven or more; if so, only your best ten quiz scores will count. Makeup quizzes are not given for lab; a missed quiz will count as a zero. B. The formal lab report (50 points): By the last week of class you will submit a formal lab report on the selection experiment (Lab Two) which begins in February and continues through April.As you run the experiment you will receive detailed written and oral guidance on preparing this report. C: The Backyard Ecology project (20 points) Lab Five requires you to engage in a restoration ecology project. We will begin planning this during the second week of lab. You will earn 20 lab points when you document this at the end of the semester. D: The Smithsonian field trip (30 points) Lab Eleven requires you to visit the Smithsonian Museums exhibit on the fossil history of life. You will complete this assignment on your own, and hand it in on April 1 (the Monday following Spring Break).Where your grade comes from, continued: 3: Mastering Biology: 150 points of homework assignments Pearson (the publisher of our textbook) has developed an interactive set of activities Mastering Biology designed to help students master the course content. The program provides numerous effective aids to learning, and asks questions. The assigned questions are chosen to focus your efforts on the most crucial (for our purposes) material in each chapter. On Wednesday Jan aura 23 you will be given detailed instructions as to registering for Mastering Biology. Your first Mastering Biology assignment will be due Sunday January 27.Every future assignment is due on a Sunday night. More about where your grade comes from: How possibly to gain or lose points A. Gaining class participation points: Being actively engaged in the classroom can earn you up to 20 points. To earn any such points, you must regularly be present and on time, and must interact (questions, comments etc. ) often enough and productively enough that its obvious that you are an active, rather than passive, participant in the learning process. If you earn these points, they will be added onto your final overall point total. B. Losing points over your pattern of attendance:Occasional episodes of unexcused absence or lateness happen to everyone. As long as the occasions are rare, you wont lose points. On the other hand, a pattern of absence or lateness will result in the deduction of points from your overall grade. If your pattern is noticeably worse than that of the average successful student, you can lose as many as 20 points from your overall total. C. Losing penalty points in lab: 1 . You can lose points in lab for failure to follow clearly-given lab instructions. You will not lose any points for a first offense, though an oral warning will be given.Subsequent incidents will cost you points: points for the second incident 5 points for the third incident 10 points for each subsequent incident 2. You can lose points in lab for failing to clean up. Each member of a guilty group will lose one point for each minute your instructor spends cleaning up after your group. Various official policies: 1. Makeup exam policy: Makeups for exams that you miss are not given except for unusual and serious circumstances, such as verified illness, religious observance, extraordinary family emergencies, etc.It is your responsibility to contact Professor Banyan by email or phone (see page 2 of this syllabus) within 24 ours of missing an exam, or else you may not be permitted to schedule a makeup. No makeup are given for lab quizzes. 2. Accommodations for students with disabilities: APPC is committed to providing appropriate accommodations for students with disabilities. Students requesting academic accommodations must first establish eligibility by contacting the Disability Support Services Office (DES) ? phone 301. 322. 0122 or email [emailprotected] Du or visit Bladed 1 24 to establish eligibility. A student with a disability documented by DES should discuss the situation privately with professor banyan as soon as possible and provide a pop of the Student/Faculty Accommodation Form so that we then can proceed to address any special needs. 3. Code of Conduct: Know what is required of you. You are legally required to comply with all APPC policies and regulations, as presented in the APPC Student Handbook. A print copy is available for free from the Office of College Life Services, in the Largo Student Center.You can also find the Student Handbook on PCs website; go to Myopic and use the College Life drowns menu to find it. The Code is given in Chapter 5 of the handbook. 4. Academic dishonesty: Know what is required of you. Our highest value is academic integrity. We assert the following: The college is an academic community dedicated to learning, and can only function properly if all of its members share an expectation and commitment to academic integrity. Academic dishonesty is a corrosive force in the life off college, and acquiescence or apathy in the presence of academic dishonesty is not a neutral act.Academic dishonesty jeopardizes the quality of each students education, and depreciates the genuine achievements and accomplishments of others. PCs Code of Academic Integrity upholds the values of honesty and integrity, holding to the basic principle of honest representation in students work. You are legally required to comply with the College Code of Academic Integrity, the specifics of which are given on pages 39-42 of the Student Handbook. (You can find the Student Handbook on Pecs website; go to Myopic and use the College Life drowns menu. Simply put, we do not tolerate any form of cheating, fabrication, plagiarism, or facilitating of academic dishonesty. In this course, a grade of zero will be assigned to any exam or other work wherein any such academic dishonesty is involved. The instructor may also sign a grade of F* for the course. (F* on a transcript represents a failing grade given for reason of violating the Code of Academic Integrity. ) More than one instance of academic dishonesty will inescapably result in a grade of F* for the course. Remember: While we encourage group work and dialog, all individual assignments are to be the works of individuals!Individual assignments which are found to be very similar in wording and structure will be considered as possible instances of plagiarism and/or facilitation. (All assignments are individual assignments unless your instructor explicitly specifies any of them o be a group assignment. ) Any student charged with violating the Code has the right to appeal. Such appeals are handled by the department chair and/or the dean, and also the Vice President for Student Services. Appeal procedures and deadlines are specified in the Student Handbook. 5. No cell phones (etc. In class: Out of respect for the rest of the class, please make sure that all cell phones, beepers etc. Are turned off, or are in vibration mode, before class begins. 6. Electronic devices during exams: During exams, no electronic devices are permitted, with the exception of numeric-only calculators. No devices with headphones/airbeds are permitted. Spring 2013 lecture schedule (approximate) and reading assignments (definite) Unit one: the fundamental interconnectedness of everything Week 1: 1/23 Introduction. Unifying themes in biology. The cell theory; natural selection. The brick house analogy.To cover this and to be ready for next Monday, read Chapter 1. The material on natural selection, and on the scientific method, is especially important; it will carry forward throughout the course. To prepare for next weeks topics, read Chapter 50; also read the Introduction section of Lab Five. Week 2: 1/28 and 1/30 An introduction to the biology of living organisms (Chapter 50). Introduction to biomass; biotic and biotic factors and how they affect the distribution and abundance of organisms. For next week, read Chapter 51 and 52. Week 3: 2/4 and 2/6 Behavioral biology (Chapter 51 Population growth patterns and dynamics (Chapter 52).For next week, read Chapter 53. Week 4: 2/11 and 2/13 Community ecology: competition; consumption; naturalism; community structure; disturbance ecology (Chapter 53) For next week, read Chapter 54, and review Lab Four. Week 5: Wednesday 2/20 Monday 241 8: Presidents Day: no classes /20: Ecosystem ecology: energy flow; food chain dynamics (Chapter 54). Week 6: Monday 2/25 = finishing the material through Chapter 54. Exam #1 is on Wednesday February 27 Unit two: evolution and genetics Week 7: 3/4 and 3/6 Genetic variation: its significance and sources.

Musical Terms free essay sample

I Basso continuo* I The bass line that Is filled In by chords by various Instruments even though written for one, I Routinely* I In a fast movement of a concerto, recurring thematic material played at the beginning and repeating varied throughout. I Libretto I Literary text for an opera or other musical stage work. I Castrato* I Castrated male singers to sing castrato. I Monotheistic I one theme. I Sonata* I Genre in several movements for one or more instruments/baroque instrumental piece with contrasting movements often with imitative counterpoint.I Monody I An accompanied solo song/texture of solo singer and accompaniment. Concerto* I Composition for a solo Instrument or instruments accompanied by an orchestra mainly. Large scale. I Mass I Musical work setting the texts of the ordinary of the mass. I Fugue* I Imitative section that is based on a single subject beginning with successive statements of the subject. We will write a custom essay sample on Musical Terms or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I Motet* I Polyphonic vocal composition. Sacred,secular text in Latin or French. I Canon I Instrumental work adapted from a chanson/several contrasting sections often in imitative counterpoint.I Ricer I Elaborate instrumental composition in fugal or canonic style. I In nominee I English polyphonic instrumental music, many imposition were given this name. I Concertina I A mixture of the symphony and the concerto genres: a concerto in that one or more soloists are on prominent display with symphony orchestra accompaniment. I Intermediate I Musical interlude on a pastoral, mythological subject performed before, between or after the acts of a spoken comedy or tragedy. I Aria I A long, accompanied song for a solo voice, typically one in an opera or oratorio.I Sonata De chaise* I Intended for performance in the church slow fast slow fast, one of more treble instruments and continuo. I Sonata De camera* I A suite of stylized dances, scored for one or ore treble Instruments and continuo. I Toccata* I Piece of keyboard Instrument or lute resembling an Improvisation that may Include Emulative sections or may serve as a prelude to an independent fugue. I Prelude* I Introductory piece for solo instrument in a style of improvisation. Of introductory movement in a suite or opera.I Fantasia I Imitative piece on a single subject/composition that resembles Improvisation and lacks strict form. I Piccalilli* I Baroque genre of variations over a repeated bass line or harmonic progression in triple meter. I Suite* I Setoffs stylized dance pieces, baroque pieces linked together into a single work. I continuous movement with an upbeat. First off dance suite. I Accurate I Dance in binary form in compound meter at a moderate tempo and with an upbeat. Part of a dance suite.I Serenade I French baroque music, slow dance in binary form and n triple meter, often emphasizing the second beat. Standard movement of a suite. I Segue I Binary form marked by fast compound meter with wide melodic leaps and continuous triplets. Typically begin with imitation. I Minuet I Dance in moderate triple meter, two- measure units and binary form. I Bourne I Quick French dance in double time. I Confusion I Italian opera overture/early symphony/abstract ensemble piece, introduction to vocal work.I Cantata* I Form of Lutheran church music combining poetic texts with texts drawn from chorales or the bible. I Chorale* I Strophic hymn n the Lutheran tradition, sung by the congregation. I Parody* I Changing or recycling existing (usually very well known) musical ideas or lyrics/copying the peculiar style off composer or artist, or even a general style of music. I Streets* I A section of a fugue in which successive introductions of the subject enter at shorter intervals than before, increasing the sense of excitement.

Free Essays on Comparing The Details

â€Å"The Scarlet Ibis† by James Hurst and â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† by Edgar Allen Poe are both about conflicts between other characters; however, one story has a tone of anger and meanness, while the other has a tone of sadness and sorrow. First and foremost, both stories are alike because one of the characters in both stories kills another character. In â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado,† the killing that takes place is intentional. Montresor kills Fortunato because he seeks revenge against him. The reason Montresor seeks retaliation against Fortunato is because Fortunato commits an intolerable attack, which is unstated. Montresor mortars Fortunato in an underground cellar because of the attack that Fortunato commits against Montresor. Once they get in the cellar, Montresor chains Fortunato up without any food or water. He then begins to mortar Fortunato in, leaving him to die. In â€Å"The Scarlet Ibis,† the narrator, which is Doodle’s brother, unintentionally kills his brother. In the last part of the short story, there is a lightning storm and the narrator leaves Doodle behind. Knowing that his brother cannot stay up to pace with him he begins to run as fast as he can. When the narrator ca nnot hear his brother anymore, he retraces his steps and finds Doodle with his head buried in his arms with drawn-up knees. He discovers that Doodle is dead. Doodle is bleeding from the mouth, and his neck and the front of his shirt are stained red. He causes the death by trying to be mean in the first place. Even though Doodle is not normal, the narrator is trying to force Doodle to be a normal human being like everyone else. One reason he wants him to be normal is because when they go out in public Doodle embarrasses his brother. He does not do it on purpose though. There is a similarity in these stories because they both include one character killing another character. Moreover, both stories are different because they have di... Free Essays on Comparing The Details Free Essays on Comparing The Details â€Å"The Scarlet Ibis† by James Hurst and â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† by Edgar Allen Poe are both about conflicts between other characters; however, one story has a tone of anger and meanness, while the other has a tone of sadness and sorrow. First and foremost, both stories are alike because one of the characters in both stories kills another character. In â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado,† the killing that takes place is intentional. Montresor kills Fortunato because he seeks revenge against him. The reason Montresor seeks retaliation against Fortunato is because Fortunato commits an intolerable attack, which is unstated. Montresor mortars Fortunato in an underground cellar because of the attack that Fortunato commits against Montresor. Once they get in the cellar, Montresor chains Fortunato up without any food or water. He then begins to mortar Fortunato in, leaving him to die. In â€Å"The Scarlet Ibis,† the narrator, which is Doodle’s brother, unintentionally kills his brother. In the last part of the short story, there is a lightning storm and the narrator leaves Doodle behind. Knowing that his brother cannot stay up to pace with him he begins to run as fast as he can. When the narrator ca nnot hear his brother anymore, he retraces his steps and finds Doodle with his head buried in his arms with drawn-up knees. He discovers that Doodle is dead. Doodle is bleeding from the mouth, and his neck and the front of his shirt are stained red. He causes the death by trying to be mean in the first place. Even though Doodle is not normal, the narrator is trying to force Doodle to be a normal human being like everyone else. One reason he wants him to be normal is because when they go out in public Doodle embarrasses his brother. He does not do it on purpose though. There is a similarity in these stories because they both include one character killing another character. Moreover, both stories are different because they have di...

Make a Home Chemistry Kit

Make a Home Chemistry Kit This is a list of chemicals that you can keep at home so your kids can do chemistry projects and grow crystals. The activities are safe for kids with adult supervision. Store the chemicals safely, away from young children and pets, as with any household chemicals. Substances for at Home Experiments Water- Distilled is probably better. You can do experiments with tap water.Table salt (sodium chloride)- Grocery store item  found in the baking/spice aisle. You can grow salt crystals at home easily.Borax- Usually sold with laundry detergents, otherwise with household cleaners.Corn starch- Grocery store item  found in the baking/spice aisle.White glue- Its sold with school supplies.Vinegar- Grocery store item, location varies. There are different types of vinegar. White vinegar is clear, but usually, cider vinegar would work if thats what you have.Baking soda (sodium bicarbonate)- Grocery store item found in the baking/spice aisle.Food coloring- Grocery store item  found in the baking/spice aisle.Epsom Salts (magnesium sulfate)- Found near the pharmacy section, usually. You can grow Epson Salts crystals at home quickly  and easily.Vodka- Used as ethanol. Its not necessary, but good to have for some projects. In many cases, rubbing alcohol (isopropyl) would work. One comes fr om the liquor store, the other from the pharmacy section of the grocery store. Sugar (sucrose)- Granulated white table sugar, from the grocery store.Flour- Flour is used to make a  paste and as a building material, as in the chemical volcano.Alum- Sold with spices.Calcium Chloride- Sold as a laundry booster or road salt (de-icer).Bromothymol blue pH indicator- Sold in water test kits for aquaria and swimming pools.Phenolphthalein pH indicator- This chemical is used in color-change and disappearing ink projects.Sodium hydroxide (lye)- Sold as a drain cleaner in the plumbing section of some hardware stores. Keep away from children. Its not used in a lot of projects, so consider it optional. Its used where a strong base is needed.Glycerin- Sold in the pharmacy section or in craft stores. Used to make bubbles, mainly.Rock salt or sea salt- Sold with spices. Sometimes you want sodium chloride with other trace elements.Lemon juice- Found near produce, usually. You can make invisible ink with lemon juice.Metamucil- Sold in pharmacies.Milk of magnesia- Sold in pharma cies.Dishwashing detergent- For hand washing, not dishwashing machines. Copper wire- You want the type without any insulation or coating.Galvanized nails- These are nails that have been coated with zinc.Mineral oil- Baby oil is mineral oil. The added fragrance isnt a problem.Citric acid- Sold with canning supplies.Vegetable oil- You can use safflower oil. Any cooking-grade vegetable oil is fine.Steel wool- Found with cleaning supplies.Iodine stain- Its easiest to order this from a chemical supply company or try to buy some from a local school. Its used primarily in projects that test for the presence of starch.Unflavored gelatin- Found with its flavored relatives.

Agility Business Evaluation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Agility Business Evaluation - Research Paper Example The research brings forth the seriousness of research on the possibility of generating returns or dividends from the Agility Company. To accomplish the objective, financial statement analysis is used. The analysis entails the use of ratios. The ratios will indicate the relationship between tow financial statement variables. The ratios include the liquidity ratios, profitability ratios, and leverage ratios. The research includes the use of trend analysis forecasting tool to predict the future profitability of investing in the Agility Company (Daft 615). The profitability ratios indicate the Agility Company’s capacity to generate enough revenues in one accounting period needed to pay for its current expenses and costs of the same accounting period (Daft 615). The gross_profit margin_ratio was arrived at by dividing the company’s annual gross_profit by the company’s annual total_revenues. The ratio indicates the relationship between the company’s gross profit and the company’s net revenues. Table 1 shows that the company’s gross_profit margin_ratio for 2010 (0.323) is unfavorably lower than the company’s 2009 gross_profit margin_ratio, 0.389. Table 1 shows that the company’s gross_profit margin_ratio for 2011 (0.307) is unfavorably lower than the company’s 2010 gross_profit margin_ratio. Table 1 shows that the company’s gross_profit margin_ratio for 2012 (0.286) is unfavorably less than the company’s 2011 gross_profit margin_ratio (Agility, 2014). Further, the net_profit margin_ratio was arrived at by dividing the company’s net_profit by the company’s total_revenues (Agility, 2014). Table 1 shows that the company’s net_profit margin_ratio for 2010 (0.016) is unfavorably less than the company’s 2009 net_profit margin_ratio, 0.097. Table 1 shows that the company’s net_profit margin_ratio for 2011 (0.0.026) is favorably highe than the company’s 2010 net_profit margin_ratio. Table 1 shows that the company’s net_profit

Literary analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Literary analysis - Essay Example Welty portrays the treatment meted out to the old woman in an eloquent manner, such that, the real life scenarios and the hardships faced by people due to factors like race, sex, religion and color can be clearly related with the story. The beginning of the story is so wavering that one tends to feel that there is no goal in the story, but at the end of both the story and the journey of Phoenix, one gets to understand the ultimate goal that Welty tried to present. Hardship, racism, solitude and indomitable love towards her grandson build the theme of the story, running their roots till the last part of it. Before progressing towards analyzing the literary aspects of the story being told, it is well worth to mention how well Welty has taken efforts to express the hardships faced by the woman in terms of her physical abilities. "Her eyes were blue with age," and "She carried a thin, small cane made from an umbrella, and with this she kept tapping the frozen earth in front of her" (Welt y 1941) clearly express about her being blind and having to take every step with an umbrella stick. That the protagonist is very old with almost a complete lack of physical strength is expressed by the author through the words, â€Å"Her skin had a pattern all its own of numberless branching wrinkles†. ... (Dan 1973) The plot begins on a chill morning, with the winter reaching its peak in the month of December. As Phoenix begins her walk, she expresses her feelings about the wild animals that she could meet in her journey. She indicates to those animals that she has a long road ahead to travel. Although the author expresses it as a direct interpretation towards the animals, indirectly, it is also to indicate the readers that she is suffering from senility. Another example shown by the author to instill this point in reader’s mind is when she sees a scarecrow and gets afraid thinking it to be a ghost. To add more credibility to this point, the author also doesn’t forget to mention that this is a path that Phoenix used to travel frequently in past. It is important to understand the abundant amount of information that author is trying to deliver through this single scenario. At first, she tells about her physical hardships, then about the hallucinations, her long journey and most of all, her determination to be in focus towards the goal irrespective of the disabilities. Welty has carved out exquisitely the characters of the supporting cast of the story. Be it the grandson, the hunter and the nurse, their characters are portrayed in a way very similar to how old age people are treated in day to day life. The use of figures of speech like â€Å"mouth open like a littlebird† (Welty 1941), to explain the condition of her grandson, vitalizes the readers and brings out a sense of joy in them. Once Phoenix crosses the hills, she stumbles on a hunter’s dog and meets with the hunter. Despite the hunter’s helping hand, the author brings

The Battle Royale Essay Example for Free

The Battle Royale Essay Many minorities continue to struggle for social, economical and political equality, using different approaches to attempt to measure up to the ideals that are often adopted by society. Often times minorities attempt alienation from their race to become socially accepted , minorities often humble themselves to a point that is sometimes viewed as degrading as a means to become accepted as mentioned by Ellisons grandfather, never told you, but our life is a war, I have been a traitor all my born days. (279). The struggle for an opportunity for equal education, or the right to eat or drink in the same location as higher class citizens. The right to vote and the struggle for citizenship are a few to name, where minorities often fight for rights of equality, hoping to gain equal treatment as other members of society. In the short story Battle Royal written by Ellison, the story opens with Ellison reflecting back 20 years to a time when he questions why he was ashamed of the history of his people, he accounts past experiences that lead to the authors description of feeling invisible. It took me a long time and much painful boomeranging of my expectations to achieve a realization everyone Briner 2 else appears to have been born with. 278). In the book review written by (Butler), Ellison is charged with aligning himself and withdrawing into an irresponsible alienation rather than addressing, the political issues affecting African American life. The difficulties of African American life are visible in the Battle Royal where the author recounts the details of suffering and abuse subjected upon himself and his schoolmates who take part in the fight, created for entertainment for the townspeople. Ellison describes his excitement to have been invited to deliver his speech to the high society of his town, not knowing he would have to take part in the battle, to deliver the speech, he was so proud of. The attire of the townspeople is tuxedos and the attire for the boys are blind folds and boxing trunks. In order for Ellison to deliver his speech he must submit to the will of the people that believe that his place in society is only, and always beneath them. In the reviews by (Morel and Warren),the discussion is in relationship to the suffering and pathology,as a way of conceptualizing African American life and the experience of racism In the ending of the story , Ellison delivers his speech to the high society townspeople, with a bloody lip, swollen face and laughter from the crowd. After all his experience is in no way demeaning according to the townspeople. This treatment is appropriate in order to receive the scholarship and briefcase that he is given in the end. Ellisons family, three generations is used to this type of treatment, it has been in societys view for many years. Ellisons explains his view point and to this story, he add realism to the sequence of events that take place. Briner 3 The Battle Royal written in first person point-of view gives a first hand account of three generations of African Americans, Ellisons family, whose beliefs slightly change after the Civil War, only imaging equality under separatism. As the story opens the narrator explains his visit with his grand-father on his death bed. Ellisons grand-father tells the narrator why he feels that he is a traitor to his race(279), what he feels that was necessary to ensure his acceptance by the members of higher society. During this period of time it is necessary for African American to remain silent of the treatment often subjected to. The right to an equal education was the reward for the degrading events that Ellison has endured. The feeling of equality that is imagined by his grandparents is not apparent at this time and for many years to come. The blind folds used during the battle are symbolic of two things, the plight of African American expressing the essential need to remain naive regarding several aspects of their life and their need to over look the inequalities and treatment they were often times subjected to. As discussed in the introduction to the battle, the mind set of Ellisons relatives after the civil war, Ellisons relatives, the freed slaves believed and were lead to believe that there was equality in the social system but there remained the lack of privileges that accompany the latter. Under the impression that he is to deliver a speech, the narrator is one of a group of young men that must fight among themselves until blooded and bruised, as a means of entertainment for the high society towns people. In summary, Ellison delivers a message to the reader, his thoughts at the time of social , political and economical disadvantages, the experiences that a group of people often time hide behind .

Investigation of Scriptural References Essay -- Religion Bible

Investigation of Scriptural References We find one hundred and ninety times the Hebrew verb rà »m, â€Å"to be high, or to be exalted† in the Old Testament. Basically rà »m represents either the â€Å"state of being on a higher plane,† or the â€Å"movement in an upward direction.† The second emphasis represents what is done to the subject or what it does to itself. Like the stormy wind that lifts up the waves of the sea (Ps. 27:5). God is the Most High, the great king over all the earth and exalted far above all gods (Pss. 47:2; 83:18); 97:9). He alone rules over mankind and grants dominion to whomever he wishes (Dan. 4:17, 25, 32; 5:21). Therefore Israel in response must exalt him above all others as they are his people. It must result that all nations and all creation are called to praise God and exalt him (Ps.148:13). Fanning concludes that all of life is put in its proper perspective only when God is exalted in this way. In the Old Testament â€Å"exaltation† is related to the Kingdo m of God, reflected by God’s chosen people, Israel. We will see later in this point that these reflections have priestly, prophetically and royal tendencies. In the New Testament various Greek verbs are used to express â€Å"exalt†: hupsoÃ…  â€Å"to lift up† for the exaltation of Christ by God the Father (Acts 2:33); huperupsoÃ…  â€Å"to exalt highly† with reference to Christ (Phil. 2:9); epairÃ…  â€Å"to exalt oneself† for being lifted up with pride (2 Cor. 10:5); and huperairÃ…  â€Å"to exalt oneself exceedingly† for the exceeding self-exaltation (2 Cor. 12:7). In this regard we note that exaltation is an act of God alone (Luke 1:52). The exaltation causes also a social effect (2 Cor. 11:7) and contains an eschatological element (1 Pet.5:6 and explicit Phil. 2:5). In the New Testament foll... ...0. Matt. 1:20-23. Jacob van Bruggen, Commentaries New Testament Matthew (Kampen: Kok, 2004), 33. Mark 1:14-15. Jacob van Bruggen, Commentaries New Testament Mark (Kampen: Kok, 1998), 50. Matt. 9:27-29. Donald A. Hagner, WBC Matthew1-13, vol 33a (Colombia: Thomas Nelson, 1993), 254. G. Van den Brink, Centre for Biblical Research, Matthew (Utrecht: Van Wijk, 2003), 539. Mark 1:11. Jacob van Bruggen, Commentaries New Testament Mark (Kampen: Kok, 1988), 45. Matt. 4:3. Donald A. Hagner, WBC Matthew1-13, vol 33a (Colombia: Thomas Nelson, 1993), 69. Matt. 14:33 Matt. 11:27. Donald A. Hagner, WBC Matthew1-13, vol 33a (Colombia: Thomas Nelson, 1993), 69. Stephen R. Holmes, God of Grace and God of Glory (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2001), 142. Holmes, God of Grace and God of Glory, 149. Holmes, God of Grace and God of Glory, 252.

West Coast Limited

West Coast Limited is a company that specializes in PC Hardware, printers, monitors, software, parts and range of AV equipment.   There are currently eight employees including:   One administration person, three small parts people, two forklift drivers, a manager and one goods inward department employee.In this company, each person has been taking many roles.   The following has been discovered:   The administration person handles the role primarily of checking in goods as they are received.   In addition, the administration person assists the small parts people when she has time.   The small parts people currently put away small parts then assist bookkeeping when finished. Their duties also include moving stock, unloading stock, and assisting the manager when needed.The forklift drivers spent approximately 30% of their time consolidating things then putting items away that were received by shipping.   The manager spends his time answering emails and answering the phone . He is responsible for all scanners we well, which can be time consuming considering they move very slowly.   The goods inward rep works in the department and handles strictly goods inward.Developmental NeedsIn reviewing the company’s daily tasks and the roles of the individual staff, I have recognized there are primarily ten different tasks which are pertinent to be completed daily.   The tasks include:   Checking goods in as they arrive, putting away small parts, consolidating bins, putting away receivables with forklift for larger items, bookkeeping, moving stock, checking paperwork, answering phones, answering emails and incoming scanners.There are five official titles including: forklift driver, manager, goods inward department, small parts and administration.   All of these job titles are currently performing a mixture of functions which can be damaging to the organization. First, each person is spending only a certain amount of time on their area then assistin g another area.   This is a problem considering there is a specific job that needs to be done to its fullest. Having a number of hands in the pot of each area is leaving too much room for error.   It is easy to have a lack of communication when there are so many different people working at different times, in no apparent schedule.The developmental needs begin with creating a job description for each title and defining the objectives that are needed to be completed daily.   The job description should also provide the steps necessary in order to be recognized for advancement, as well as what advancement opportunities will come next. Advancement opportunities need to be developed. This can include promotion to manager of that area, as well as the chance to post out of your department and try for a new role.   Doing this will encourage employees to be ready for change, and gain excitement in that area.In order to prepare advancement opportunities, individual performances should be measured.   This should be measured annually beginning with this year.   To begin the process of a pay scale should be created for each department and clearly communicated to the employee in that area where they stand. The key elements of what is required should be provided in a written job description.   Additionally, the steps to be measured in a performance evaluation should be provided to the employees. This will create an open environment and begin the process of communication as employees will feel informed, every step of the way.Developmental Opportunities for the TeamTeam building exercises should take place in order to build open communication.   This can be done by each department. Each department should evaluate what objectives that they need met at this time, as well as search for areas that they may be deficient and need help.   Times can be established that other departments and team members can be assigned to help the lagging department get caught up. In return, the assisting department should be prepared with a list of items that they need help with, and be prepared to ask for the same help in return.Having excellent communication is very important in times of change. Everyone handles changes differently, which is why it is important during a transition to emphasize on communication.   In order to ensure a good development of this, meetings should be held. An initial meeting, company wide should be held in order to advise employees of what transitions will take place. An estimated time frame for restructure should be provided.   An update as to the reasons for the transitions should be provided.   A point of contact for questions and concerns should be established and provided.Once an initial meeting has been completed, a regular schedule for meeting updates should be provided.   This will keep employees informed.Developmental Opportunities for each IndividualThe first step for development for an each individual is to sched ule a time for the employee to meet with the manager. This meeting should consist of the employee receiving their job description. The job description should define daily tasks and specifications. It should also provide the measurement tools of this position. The annual review process should be introduced to employees, advising of the steps that they will bemeasured. The employee should also be encouraged to offer assistance when needed, to other areas that are delinquent in their daily completion of tasks.   Considering each person will have defined duties, the process of doing their position part of the day then assisting other area’s will be deleted. The individual will only assist other areas when it is determined by management that it is necessary to obtain additional help versus offering overtime to the employees of that department.   Additionally, any questions or feedback should be encouraged. Training opportunities need to be discussed in the meeting.   This wi ll include reviewing the job description with the employee to obtain any pertinent information as to any training needs that they feel they need.Development Objectives Based on the Needs for Development, Opportunities for Team and Each IndividualIn order to define objectives for each individual, a short quiz or questionnaire should be provided containing the following questions:â€Å"Take a minute to consider your daily work tasks and identify the tools and skills you will need to perform them.What personal qualities are needed to succeed describe the mental and physical skills and tools you use to get motivated for classes, tests, presentations and reviews† (ferret 2003)This will evaluate where the employee stands and get a good idea of the additional training that they will need to receive if any in order to do a good job. This questionnaire will also identify the employee’s objectives and interest in their current roles.Team building should be encouraged considering each person is used to putting their hands in a lot of areas. Everyone reacts different to change. therefore it is important to be prepared to handle different reactions to the changes being made.   In prevention of lack of communication, the following points should be reviewed in company meetings:â€Å"1. Be aware of your feelings.  2. See the value in diversity  3. Treat people as individuals  4. Treat people with respect  5.   Be aware of differences  6. Listen7. Get involved8. Take risks9. Apologize when you make a mistake10. Speak out11. Encourage representation† (ferret 2003).Another strategy should be used to encourage adaptation to change. This includes encourage.   Encouragement should be in the area of changing the way of thinking.   Currently the daily thought process includes looking at tasks as a partial project until moving on to a new area.   This needs to be changed to looking at the big picture in effort to ensure quality and productivity .   This can be done with a lesson.   The recommended lesson is:â€Å"Working in Day Units† (Davidson 2004) as The â€Å"60 Second Procrastinator† (Davidson 2004) suggests, you need to take each project that needs to be done and organize this by each day.   For this company it will include: the amount of inventory coming in for the day, the amount of emails, busy phone times, busy email times, arranging inventory put away and small parts put away by the amount of volume. Organize the volume expected to be conducted by that department by the day and treat each day as an opportunity. Once this becomes a pattern then the company will be accustom to functioning in this manner.Assess the Program Against Development ObjectivesThe program that I designed will meet development objectives. It is designed to bring out the training issues which may exist from each employee, and to format each person with a job description, to be sure that each area is being handled by someo ne that is familiar with the whole picture of that area.   This will ensure a 100 percent focus on each area, instead of having someone who only does that part of the time, working in the area. The program is designed to create a smooth flow of operations, and provide initiatives for employees so that they want to stay with the company.In addition, the program is a developmental tool for each person. It will help to open communication and show each person that they are valued. It will encourage participation from those interested in advancement. When opportunities are provided along with objectives, people will meet those if they feel they will be rewarded and recognized.Planning the Work Activities for the TeamThe new structure for daily work activities will be as follows:Goods inward department will check in goods as they come in and handle incoming scannersOne small parts girl will put away small parts The other small parts girl will consolidate the bins Forklift driver will pu t things away that require a forklift Forklift driver will move large items that require a forklift Administration will do bookkeeping, answer phones and respond to emails Manager will oversee daily operations, and review department objectives. He will measure areas that need improvement and delegate others to assist if departments are delinquentIf there is a time when the department is clear of duties, then a list of ongoing items should be compiled in order to keep busy, such as reviewing daily tasks to ensure completion as well as preparation for upcoming busy times.Gaining Commitment for Work Activities from your TeamHave employees sign a slip recognizing that they have been advised of their job description.   Have a one on one with each employee to make sure that they are comfortable with the process and are aware of the changes that will be made.   Give them a mission statement of the company.   Give them knowledge of what the performance evaluation will entail and the a mount of raise they could receive next year according to their accomplishments.Encouraging Involvement and Assessing Progress of Work ActivitiesThe manager should provide positive reinforcement. A good tool is to keep a white board in the meeting area. A new affirmation should be listed daily for each person to review at their leisure. Whether employees comment on this or not, it is a positive reinforcement tool. An example of one of the affirmations could be:   â€Å"Every day is an opportunity- I can’t get to Friday until I step on Monday†. (Harrell 2003) He should be out and in the work area’s available to answer any questions, all while performing procedure verification to be sure that the people are doing daily tasks, and to check the progress of what is being done. He should be notified of any problem areas and then once the problem area’s in order to provide compliance.Modifying Plans to Ensure that Performance Objectives are Being Met and Relati ng this to Day to Day Management Activities:Day to day management activities should include reviewing the work areas for accomplishments daily and performing daily walk thru’s. Morning meetings to reviews and accomplishments and goals should be conducted. This will also create enthusiasm and promote positive attitudes. Managers should establish a clear set of goals pertaining to what needs to get accomplished and follow up on those goals.   One on one coaching and mentoring should be provided on a daily basis. One day a week can be spent with each area in order to accomplish this.ConclusionThere’s a lot of work to be completed, however the most positive asset that this company has at this time includes the fact that each employee has a good knowledge of primarily all areas. Despite the fact that each person will have their own job description, this experience provides a broad overview of the company and gives each department some objectives to work toward if they are interested in advancement.In conclusion, this company has daily activities established. However; they need to spend time to organize, inform, and provide incentives. Once the company is organized, they will be more productive, at which time more business will arrive.   Once employees are informed, and given tools necessary to exceed they will feel valued and important. Valued employees are happy employees, which leaves little room for turnover.ReferencesFerrett, Sharon K. Peak Performance: Success in College and Beyond.   California: Glencoe/McGraw Hill, 2003Davidson, Jeff. The 60 Second Procrastinator. Massachusetts: AdamsMedia, 2004Harrell, Keith. Attitude is Everything. New York: HarperCollins, 2003A

How to Learn English

How to learn English effectively Do you want to know how to learn English effectively? If so, you are not alone. In fact, there are many people out there today who are working to learn English as a second language. No matter what the reason is that you are learning English, you want to make sure that you can learn it quickly and effectively as well. Whether you are learning English in a class, on your own, or with language teaching software, there are certain things that you can do to make sure that you learn the language effectively. So, here are a few tips to keep in mind that will help you on your journey towards learning the English language. Tip #1- Make Sure You WANT to Learn One of the first tips that can help you out if you want to know how to learn English effectively is to make sure that you really want to learn this language. If you really don’t want to learn, there is no book, no class, and no tips that are going to make it simpler for you. Make sure that you ask yourself whether you really want to learn English. If not, then it’s not for you. However, a real desire to learn the language can go a long way. Tip #2 – Figure Out What Motivates You If you want to learn English effectively, you need to figure out what your motivation is. Why do you want to learn English so badly? Do you want to improve your current learning, get a better job, attend university, or enjoy your life in an English speaking country? No matter the reason you are motivated to learn this language, you need to understand what motivates you so you can use it as encouragement as you learn the language. Tip #3 – Decide on Some Goals It is very important that you have goals in mind if you want to know how to learn English effectively. Setting goals will help you to know where you want to be and it will you to actually see your progress as you learn the language as well. Decide what your goals are, whether you want to improve your vocabulary, pronunciation, or even if you want to comprehend when you’re listening better. Once you know your goals, make sure that you are working to achieve them. Tip #4 –Be Sure to Practice Practicing is probably one of the most important tips if you want to know how to learn English effectively. The more you practice your English skills, the better you will become at it. You can practicing by reading English, by writing emails and letters, by listening to television or the radio in English, or even by taking time to speak to other people who speak the English language. The more you practice, the fewer mistakes you’ll end up making over time, and you’ll become more effective with your English skills. Tip #5 – Work on Vocabulary Development No matter what language you’re learning, a large vocabulary is going to be very important. This is especially important when you are learning the English language. One of the best ways to learn new vocabulary words is to start reading and you can also learn more by listening to the radio or watching television. Playing word games and doing word puzzles can also help you out when you are trying to enhance your English vocabulary. Tip #6 – Study on a Regular Basis If you plan on learning a language, you are going to have to make studying a priority. It’s not just something you do every now and then, but it should be done every single day. When you study each day it is easier to retain the new things that you learn. You’ll also find that you can review easier every day and you’ll definitely remember what you learn a lot better as well. So, if you want to know how to learn English effectively, then you need to make studying a priority. Tip #7 – Make it Enjoyable When you’re having fun, it actually makes it easier for you to remember things that you learn, so make sure that you make learning English fun. Take time to do puzzles and to play games, even if it does seem a bit childlike. They really can help you as you learn English and provide you with excellent practice. Ref : http://www. learnenglish-a-z. om/how-to-learn-english-effectively. html Rules for Writing Formal Letters in English In English there are a number of conventions that should be used when writing a formal or business letter. Furthermore, you try to write as simply and as clearly as possible, and not to make the letter longer than necessary. Remember not to use informal language like contractions. Addr esses: 1) Your Address The return address should be written in the top right-hand corner of the letter. 2) The Address of the person you are writing to The inside address should be written on the left, starting below your address. Date: Different people put the date on different sides of the page. You can write this on the right or the left on the line after the address you are writing to. Write the month as a word. Salutation or greeting: 1) Dear Sir or Madam, If you do not know the name of the person you are writing to, use this. It is always advisable to try to find out a name. 2) Dear Mr Jenkins, If you know the name, use the title (Mr, Mrs, Miss or Ms, Dr, etc. ) and the surname only. If you are writing to a woman and do not know if she uses Mrs or Miss, you can use Ms, which is for married and single women. Ending a letter: 1) Yours Faithfully If you do not know the name of the person, end the letter this way. 2) Yours Sincerely If you know the name of the person, end the letter this way. 3) Your signature Sign your name, then print it underneath the signature. If you think the person you are writing to might not know whether you are male of female, put you title in brackets after your name. Content of a Formal Letter First paragraph The first paragraph should be short and state the purpose of the letter- to make an enquiry, complain, request something, etc. The paragraph or paragraphs in the middle of the letter should contain the relevant information behind the writing of the letter. Most letters in English are not very long, so keep the information to the essentials and concentrate on organising it in a clear and logical manner rather than expanding too much. Last Paragraph The last paragraph of a formal letter should state what action you expect the recipient to take- to refund, send you information, etc. Abbreviations Used in Letter Writing The following abbreviations are widely used in letters: †¢asap = as soon as possible cc = carbon copy (when you send a copy of a letter to more than one person, you use this abbreviation to let them know) †¢enc. = enclosure (when you include other papers with your letter) †¢pp = per procurationem (A Latin phrase meaning that you are signing the letter on somebody else's behalf; if they are not there to sign it themselves, etc) †¢ps = postscript (when you want to add something after you've finished and signed it) †¢pto (informal) = please turn over (to make sure that the other person knows the letter continues on the other side of the page) †¢RSVP = please reply Outline: A Covering Letter A covering letter is the one that accompanies your CV when you are applying for a job. Here is a fairly conventional plan for the layout of the paragraphs. Opening Paragraph Briefly identify yourself and the position you are applying for. Add how you found out about the vacancy. Paragraph 2 Give the reasons why you are interested in working for the company and why you wish to be considered for that particular post. State your relevant qualifications and experience, as well as your personal qualities that make you a suitable candidate. Paragraph 3 Inform them that you have enclosed your current CV and add any further information that you think could help your case. Closing Paragraph Give your availability for interview, thank them for their consideration, restate your interest and close the letter. Outline: A Letter of Enquiry A letter of enquiry is when you are approaching a company speculatively, that is you are making an approach without their having advertised or announced a vacancy. Opening Paragraph Introduce yourself briefly and give your reason for writing. Let them know of the kind of position you are seeking, why you are interested and how you heard about them. Paragraph 2 Show why their company in particular interests you, mention your qualifications and experience along with any further details that might make them interested in seeing you. Paragraph 3 Refer to your enclosed CV and draw their attention to any particularly important points you would like them to focus on in it. Closing Paragraph Thank them, explain your availability for interview and restate your enthusiasm for their company and desire to be considered for posts that might as yet be unavailable. Ref : http://www. usingenglish. com/resources/letter-writing. html